Diseases
of
the
Great
Vessels
Diseases
of
the
Great
Vessels
All illustrations retain their original copyrights
© William Herring, MD, FACR
Aortic Anomalies
General
Most are asymptomatic
Unless they cause
encircling vascular ring
like pulmonary sling
Can be complex
lesions requiring
multiple projections
MRI or CT
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Aberrant
Subclavian Arteries
General
Left arch with aberrant right subclavian
Usually passes posterior to esophagus
Dilated origin is “Diverticulum of Kommerell”
Right arch with aberrant left subclavian
Most are asymptomatic
Passes behind esophagus
Low incidence of congenital heart dz
Left Aortic Arch
With Anomalous RSCA
Left Aortic Arch
With Anomalous RSCA
Left Arch with Anomalous RSCA
Occurs in less than 1% of people
Passes posterior to esophagus
Pushes trachea and esophagus forward
Produces oblique shadow above
aortic arch on frontal film
Origin of RSCA may be dilated
Diverticulum of Kommerell
Left Aortic Arch with Aberrant R SCA
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Left Aortic Arch with Aberrant Right SCA
Left Aortic Arch with Aberrant R SCA
© L. Elliott, MD J.B. Lippincott ®
Right Aortic Arches
Right Aortic Arches
Right Aortic Arch
Types
At least five different types
Only two of importance
Right Aortic Arch
Types
Mirror Image Type — Type I
Aberrant left subclavian — Type II
Mirror Image
Aberrant LSCA
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Right Aortic Arches
General
Recognized by leftward displacement
Of barium-filled esophagus
Of air-filled trachea
Aortic knob is absent from left side
Aorta descends on right
Para-aortic stripe returns to left side of
spine just above diaphragm
Right Aortic Arches
General
Mirror-image type almost always has
associated CHD
Usually Tetralogy of Fallot
Aberrant Left Subclavian type rarely
has associated CHD
Most common variety of right arch
Right Aortic Arch
Type 1—Mirror Image Type
2° interruption of left arch just distal to
ductus arteriosis
Associated with congenital heart
disease 98% of time
Right Aortic Arch
Type 1—Mirror Image Type–X-ray Findings
No
posterior impression on trachea or
barium-filled esophagus
Heart is usually abnormal in size or
shape
Aorta descends on right
Mirror Image Right Aortic Arch with TOF
Mirror Image Right Aortic Arch
Right Aortic Arch
Type ll—Aberrant Left Subclavian
2° interruption of left aortic arch
between LCC and LSC arteries
Associated with cardiac defects 5-10%
of the time
Tetralogy of Fallot most often (71%)
ASD or VSD next most often (21%)
Coarctation of aorta rarely (7%)
Right Aortic Arch
Type ll—Aberrant Left Subclavian
Anomalous left subclavian artery
(retroesophageal and retrotracheal)
Aorta descends on right
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Right Arch with Aberrant LSCA
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Right Aortic Arch
Aberrant Left Subclavian—X-ray Findings
Posterior impression on trachea and
barium-filled esophagus
Heart is usually normal in size and
shape
Aorta descends on right
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Right Aortic Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian
Right Aortic Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian
Right Aortic Arch with Aberrant Left Subclavian
90% with Tetralogy of Fallot
6% with Truncus Arteriosis
5% with Tricuspid Atresia
If the patient has
a Mirror Right arch,
Then it will be
associated
Truncus arteriosis
33%
Tetralogy of Fallot
25%
Transposition
10%
Tricuspid atresia
5%
VSD
2%
Apparent discrepancy due to much
higher
incidence of TOF than Truncus
If the patient has
this disease,
This % will have a
Mirror Right arch
Right Aortic Arch with
Aberrant Left Subclavian
Mirror Image
Right Aortic Arch
Left Aortic Arch
with Aberrant R SCA
A
B
C
Identify these three anomalies and
tell whether they are usually
associated with congenital heart
disease or not
Double Aortic Arch
Double Aortic Arch
Double Aortic Arch
General
Most common vascular ring
Rarely associated with congenital heart
disease
But vascular ring
tracheal and/or
esophageal compression
Caused by persistence of R and L IV
branchial arches
R IV arch normally
becomes most
proximal segment
of RSCA
L IV arch is part of
normal aortic arch
between LCC and
LSCA
Persistence of both IV branchial arches forms a
vascular ring or Double Aortic Arch
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Passes on both sides of trachea
Joins posteriorly behind esophagus
Right arch is larger and higher
Left arch is smaller and lower
Ba swallow shows bilateral impressions on
frontal view
Posterior impression on lateral view
Angiogram is characteristic
Double Aortic Arch
General
Double Aortic Arch
Clinical
Symptoms may begin at birth
Symptoms include
Tracheal compression, or
Difficulty swallowing
Double Aortic Arch
Anatomy
Right arch supplies
RSCA and RCC
Left arch supplies
LCC and LSCA
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Double Aortic Arch
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Double Aortic Arch
X-ray Findings
Right arch is higher and larger
Left arch is lower and smaller
Produces reverse S on esophagram on AP
On lateral, arches are posterior to
esophagus and anterior to trachea
Double Aortic Arch
Double Aortic Arch
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Double Aortic Arch
Impressions on Trachea and Esophagus
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Double Aortic Arch
Cervical Aortic
Arch
Cervical Aortic
Arch
Cervical Aortic Arch
General
Rare
Usually asymptomatic
May present as pulsating supraclavicular
mass
May produce vascular ring and compress
airway
Embryogenesis uncertain
Over 80% are
right-sided
Cervical Aortic Arch
Imaging Findings–Right-sided lesions
Right-sided cervical aortic arches
Right apical mass-like density
Absence of aortic knob
Descend on the left
Displace the trachea and esophagus forward
Branching may be normal or mirror-image
Cervical Aortic Arch
Imaging Findings–Left-sided lesions
Left-sided cervical aortic arches
Aortic knob at apex of lung
Descend on the left
Do not displace the trachea or esophagus
forward
Cervical Aortic Arch
Cervical Aortic Arch
Aortitis
Aortitis
Chronic inflammatory arteritis
Affects aorta, its main branches and
pulmonary arteries
15-40 years, 8:1 females, Oriental
population
LSCA, LCCA, brachiocephalic, renals,
celiac commonly involved
Takayasu’s Aortitis
Pulseless Disease
Takayasu’s Aortitis
Type 3
Most common is
Type 3 (55%)
Stenoses of
aortic arch,
distal thoracic
and abdominal
aorta
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Takayasu’s Aortitis
Type 2
Next most
common is Type 2
(11%)
Segmental
stenoses in
descending
thoracic and
abdominal aorta
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Takayasu’s Aortitis
Type 1
Next most
common is Type 1
(8%)
Stenoses in arch,
brachiocephalic,
carotid and
subclavian
arteries
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Takayasu’s Aortitis (Type 3)
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
On angiography, narrowing of aortic
lumen
On MRI, thickened aortic wall
Associated aneurysms may be saccular
or fusiform
Takayasu’s Aortitis
Imaging Findings
Other Forms of Aortitis
Inflammation of intima and media
Healing produces scarring - “tree-bark”
appearance of luminal surface
Aorta dilates
Ascending aorta more than arch
Abdominal aorta spared
Opposite of atherosclerosis
Aortic wall
becomes thickened
on healing
Usually results in
aortic regurgitation
Diastolic murmur
Other Forms of Aortitis
Giant Cell Arteritis
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Causes of Aortitis
Rheumatic fever
Reiter’s syndrome
Syphilis
Begins above sinotubular ridge
Giant cell arteritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Crosses sinotubular ridge and dilates both
root and ascending aorta
Sinotubular Ridge-
Jct of Sinuses of Valsalva
and tubular aorta
© Stephen Miller, MD Mosby
The Requisites
Syphilitic Aortitis
Pulmonary
Sling
Pulmonary
Sling
Pulmonary Sling
Embryogenesis
Failure of formation of left 6th aortic arch
absence of left pulmonary artery
Proximal L VI arch
normally becomes
proximal segment of L
PA; distal VI persists
as ductus until birth
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Pulmonary Sling
General
Aberrant origin of left pulmonary artery
From the right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery passes between
trachea and esophagus
Most have other anomalies
Stenosis of right mainstem bronchus
May lead to air-trapping, lobar emphysema and
hyperlucent lung
Pulmonary Sling
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
© L. Elliott, MD J.B. Lippincott ®
Pulmonary Sling
DDX
Only vascular malformation to pass
between esophagus and trachea
Bronchial cyst may produce same
finding on esophagus/trachea
Pulmonary Sling
Pulmonary Sling
Tracheal Impressions
Posterior Esophagus
Anterior Trachea
Left Ao Arch with Aberrant R SCA
Right Ao Arch with Aberrant L SCA
Isolated anomalies
BCA arising too distal
CCA arising too proximal
CCA and BCA arising together
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Anterior trachea and
Posterior Esophagus
Posterior trachea and
Anterior Esophagus
Double Aortic Arch
R Ao Arch with Aberrant LSCA + L ductus
L Ao Arch with Aberrant RSCA + R ductus
Pulmonary Sling
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Aberrant SCA
Pulmonary Sling
Double Ao Arch
Isolated Anomalies
© Dahnert Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Venous Anomalies
Venous Anomalies
Persistent Left
SVC
Persistent Left
SVC
Persistent Left SVC
Occurs in less than 0.5% of people
Failure of regression of L common and Ant.
Cardinal veins
Drains left jugular and left subclavian v
Most patients also have right-sided SVC
Drains into dilated coronary sinus
R
atrium
Post-op day 3
Post-op day 6
Persistent Left SVC
© Frank Netter, MD Novartis®
Diseases of the
Not-So-Great
Vessels
Diseases of the
Not-So-Great
Vessels
Left Superior
Intercostal Vein
Aortic Nipple
Left Superior
Intercostal Vein
Aortic Nipple
Left Superior Intercostal Vein
The Aortic Nipple
Visible in 5% of people
Should not be mistaken for mass
Aortic Nipple-Left Superior
Intercostal Vein
Aortic Nipple-Left Superior
Intercostal Vein
Aortic Nipple-Left Superior
Intercostal Vein
The End